Simple Past Tense

To indicate that an action or activity that happened in the past and ended up at a certain moment in the past, and the time of occurrence is known.

Formula:

A  :     S + To be (was / were) + . . . . . . B  :     S + Verb 2 + . . . . . .

Pattern B:

Affirmative ( + )	Negative ( - )	Interrogative ( ? )
S + Verb 2	S + Did + Not + Verb 1	Did + S + Verb 1
I + Verb 2 We + Verb 2 They + Verb 2 You + Verb 2 She + Verb 2 He + Verb 2 It + Verb 2	I + Did + Not + Verb 1 You + Did + Not + Verb 1 They + Did + Not + Verb 1 You + Did + Not + Verb 1 She + Did + Not + Verb 1 He + Did + Not  + Verb 1 It + Did + Not + Verb 1	Did + I +Verb 1 Did + We + Verb 1 Did + They + Verb 1 Did + You + Verb 1 Did + She + Verb 1 Did + He + Verb 1 Did + It + Verb 1

Example:

1. ( + )   : The train was ten minute late.

    ( - )    : The train was not ten minute late.

    ( ? )    : Was the train ten minute late?

                = Yes. it was.

                = No, it was not

2. ( + )   : I bought a book two days ago.

    ( - )    : I did not buy a book two days ago.

    ( ? )    : Did I buy a book two days ago?

                = Yes, I did

                = No, I did not

Signal time that used in simple past tense:
-   Yesterday
-   Yesterday morning
-   Last Monday
-   An hour ago
-   Two days ago
-   The other day
-   Last night
-   Last year
-   A few minute ago, etc.

Simple Present Tense

Simple Present Tense is use to reveal a job, or the events that happened today, or acts that occur at this time, or repeated incidents or a daily habits.

Formula:

A: S + To Be (a,. is, are) + . . . . . B: S + Verb 1 + (s / es) + . . . . . .

Pattern B:

Affirmative (+)	Negative (-)	Interrogative (?)
S + Verb 1 + s / es	S + Do Not / Does Not Verb 1	Do / Does + S + Verb 1
I + Verb 1 We + Verb 1 They + Verb 1 You + Verb 1 She + Verb 1 + s / es He + Verb 1 + s / es It + Verb 1 + s / es	I + Do Not Verb 1 We + Do Not Verb 1 They + Do Not Verb 1 You + Do Not Verb 1 She + Do Not Verb 1 He + Do Not Verb 1 It + Do Not Verb 1	Do + I Verb 1 Do + We Verb 1 Do + They Verb 1 Do + You Verb 1 Does + She Verb 1 Does + He Verb 1 Does + It Verb 1

Example of Nominal sentence:

1. ( + )    : She is very happy.

    ( - )    :  She is not very happy

    ( ? )    :  Is she very happy?

                = Yes, she is

                = No, she isn't

2. ( + )    : You are student.

    ( - )     : You are not student.

    ( ? )     : Are you student?

                 = Yes, you are

                 = No, you aren't

Example of Verbal sentence:

1. ( + )     : He goes to school every morning.

    ( - )      : He doesn't go to school every morning.

    ( ? )      : Does he go to school every morning?

                  = Yes, he does

                  = No, he doesn't

2. ( + )      : They study English every week.

    ( - )       : They don't study English every week.

    ( ? )       : Do they study English every week?

                   = Yes, they do

                   = No, they don't

Recount Text 

Recount text is one of the type of English text retells events or experiences in the past. The purpose of the recount text is to inform or to entertain the reader. In  Recount text there are no complications such in narrative text. Recount text communicative purpose is to report events, incidents or events in order to preach or entertain.

Structure of Recount Text:

1. Orientation

    Orientation is to provide information about who, where and when it happened in the past.

2. Events

     An event happened, which is usually presented in chronological order. At the events there is also usually a

     personal comment about the events.

3. Reorientation

     In the reorientation, there are repetition of introduction, summarizing repetition sequence of events, event

     or activity.

Example:

  

     On Sunday morning at 08.30, I was walking down Malioboro Street, looking for a record store. A man stopped me and asked me the way A Hotel. I wasn't sure exactly where it was, but I walked with him to the end of Malioboro Street. He was very friendly, and his face looked so familiar. Then I remembered where the A Hotel was and told him how to get there. He thanked me and tried to give me something. I thought it was money. I said 'No' at first, but he really wanted me to have it, so I took It

     I found a record store and listened to a few records. The Junas Monkey had a new album that was very interesting. I decided to buy their new album. I looked in my bag for my wallet and found a piece of paper the man gave me. It was a photo. I was so surprised! He was a singer in 'The Junas Monkey'!

Procedure Text

Procedure text is used to give instructions on how to do things through actions or steps are sequential.

Example:

Here are the instructions that you must follow to make ice cream:

1. Setting up the cooling apparatus. Stir ice and salt in the larger container. Double-check that the small container will fit into the larger one even with the ice.
2. Combine the ingredients. Mix together the milk, sugar, and vanilla in the glass bowl. Then, set this bowl in the tub filled with ice and rock salt, making sure that the salt water does not spill into the bowl. Instead of a glass bowl and tub, you can also use a small coffee can inside a large coffee can.
3. Mix the ice cream. Mix the ingredients in the small container vigorously. The salty ice mixture will cool the mixture down until it turns into ice cream. Mix very thoroughly. If you're using a whisk instead of an electric mixer in your glass bowl, you'll have to stir very hard, or ice crystals will form in the ice cream. If you are using the coffee can method, make sure both cans are well sealed, and then roll and shake to mix the ice cream mixture. It should take about 10 to 15 minutes to stir the ice cream using either method. Stir until it is free from ice crystals and is the right consistency.
4. Storage and serving. If you don't eat the ice cream right away, be sure to store it in the freezer so that it doesn't melt.

Narrative Text

Narrative Text Communicative purpose is to entertain listeners or readers on a story related to the past experience of the real, imaginary or complicated events that led to a crisis, and ultimately find a solution.

Structure of Narrative Text consists of three parts:

1. Orientation

     In the Orientation section contains the introduction of the characters in the story along with the time and
     place it happened.

2. Complication

     In the Complication section contains an overview of the crisis or problem experienced by the characters 

     in the story to be solved.

3. Resolution

    On the Resolution contained about how the characters of the story to solve the existing problems in the 

    Complication. Usually there is more than one for a Complication Resolution.

Snow White

Orientation
Once upon a time there lived a little girl named Snow White. She lived with her Aunt and Uncle because her parents were dead.

Complication
One day she heard her Uncle and Aunt talking about leaving Snow White in the castle because they both wanted to go to America and they didn’t have enough money to take Snow White.
 
Snow White did not want her Uncle and Aunt to do this so she decided it would be best if she ran away. The next morning she ran away from home when her Aunt and Uncle were having breakfast. She ran away into the woods.

Resolution
Then she saw this little cottage. She knocked but no one answered so she went inside and fell asleep.
Meanwhile, the seven dwarfs were coming home from work. They went inside. There they found Snow White sleeping. Then Snow White woke up. She saw the dwarfs. The dwarfs said, “what is your name?” Snow White said, “My name is Snow White.”
 

Doc, one of the dwarfs, said, “If you wish, you may live here with us.” Snow White said, “Oh could I? Thank you.” Then Snow White told the dwarfs the whole story and finally Snow White and the 7 dwarfs lived happily ever after.

Greeting

1. (usually plural) an acknowledgment or expression of good will (especially on meeting) 

2. Expression of kindness or joy; salutation at meeting; a compliment from one absent. 

Everyday greetings:

1. Good morning

2. Good afternoon

3. Good Evening

4. Goodbye

5. Good night

Special Greetings:

1. Merry Christmas /Happy Christmas

2. Happy New Year

3. Happy Easter

4. Good luck

5. Congratulations!

6. Get well soon.

Example:

Clara: "Good morning Mario. How are you?"

Mario: "Good morning, Clara. I'm fine. How about you?"

Clara: "I'm fine too."

Mario: "That's good."

PERSONAL LETTER

A personal letter is a type of letter which provides communication between a small number of people, usually two. There are many types of personal letters and they are written for a wide variety of reasons:

• One person wishes to attain information from an individual or a business.
• One person wishes to tell somebody about themselves, as in pen pals.
• One person wishes to present to an individual or a business a social note, such as    a thank-you or a congratulation.
• One person wishes to communicate with an acquaintance - friend or family, for example in order to maintain and reinforce the bond between them

Surviving personal letters are often an important source of information about the lives of historical figures.