Giving Instruction

Giving Instruction is an expression that is used in order that other person does what we instruct or request. 

Example:

1.  Please read the rules first.

2. Open your book.

3. Close the door, please!

4. Keep silent, please!

5. Stand up!

6. Switch off your mobile phone in class.

7. Press the button gently.

If we don not use a verb as a commanding word, use be + adjective.

   Example:

     - Be diligent

     - Be strong.

When we forbid someone to do something, use don't + verb infinitive without to or don't + be + adjective.

   Example:

     - Don't open the window wide

     - Don't be lazy

Note:

1. Instructions usually begin with infinitive without to (verb base).

2. To make an instructions sound more polite, use the word please at the beginning or at the end of the 

    instruction.

3. The tense used in giving instruction is simple present.

           

Giving Attention

     Giving attention is our way to show concern to others who have recently suffered an event, be it a fun event or a sad event. By showing a sense of our attention, others will feel good.

     We can show our attention with these words:

1. What should I do to cheer you up?

2. I really care about you.

3. Don't worry, I'm with you.

4. What's wrong with you?

5. Hope you will be fine.

6. Are you O.K. / Fine.

7. Wow! That's great!

     To respond the attention, we can us these words:

1. Well, you can tell me an amusing story.

2. Yes, you do. And I'm very grateful for that.

3. Thank you very much.

4. Nothing. I'm fine.

5. Thank you.

6. Yes, I'm O.K. / No, I'm not feeling well.

7. It is.

Expressing Happiness

     The purpose of Expressing Happiness is to express our pleasure or happiness for the good news or the good things that happen to other people. In order to show our concern for the situation of others.

    We can express our happiness with these words:

1. Great!

2. Yippee!

3. I'm glad to know that.

4. I'm pleased / delighted.

5. Terrific!

6. That's wonderful!

7. It sounds like fun.

8. Hooray!

9. It is a good news.

10. That's exciting!

11. Congratulation.

12. I'm happy to hear that.

13. Etc,

Example:

Boy  : " I hear that you got the first place at singing contest last night."

Girl   : " Yeah. You are right."

Boy  : "  That's wonderful."

Girl   : " Right. I'm very happy I won the first place."

Boy  : " Congratulation. I hope you can do best for next contest."

Girl   : " Thank you for your concern."

Advertisement

     Paid, non-personal, public communication about causes, goods and services, ideas, organizations, people, and places, through means such as direct mail, telephone, print, radio, television, and internet. An integral part of marketing, advertisements are public notices designed to inform and motivate. Their objective is to change the thinking pattern (or buying behavior) of the recipient, so that he or she is persuaded to take the action desired by the advertiser.

     Characteristic / structure of advertisement:

1. Language using the correct or suitable word.

2. Using the interesting and suggestive expression.

3. Text of advertisement should be directed to the goals.

4. Content of the advertisement:

     - Objective

     - Honest

     - Brief

     - Clear

     - Not allude group or other products.

Expressing Sympathy

Expressing sympathy is sympathy that we give to someone who is feeling bad for something or go through a terrible situation that happens in their life. Expressing sympathy can be difficult as we want to express our concern, but don't want to be intrusive. Here are some common phrase to help you express sympathy.

Example:

1. I'm sorry to hear that.

2. Oh, dear. I know how it feels.

3. Poor you.

4. You must be upset.

5. Please accept my condolences. (Used when someone close to another has die).

6. I hope you feel better soon.

7. You have my deepest sympathy.

8. Oh, that's awful!

9. That is a pity.

10. Etc,

Vocabulary

Shape

Simple Straight Sided Shape

Simple Rounded Shape

Type of Triangle

3D Shape

Mathematical Shapes

Miscellaneous Shape

Part of Body

Past Continuous Tense

To express an act or event that is taking place in the past when other events happened.Pas continuous is used to describe an action or event that has already begun and is ongoing, as well as other events happened at the same time.

Formula:

S + was / were + Verb 1 ( ing) + . . . . .

Affirmative ( + )	Negative ( - )	Interrogative ( ? )
To be + Verb 1 (ing)	S + To be + Not + Verb 1 (ing)	To be + Verb 1 (ing)
I + Was + Verb 1 (ing) We + Were + Verb 1 (ing) They + were + Verb 1 (ing) You + Were + Verb 1 (ing) She + Was + Verb 1 (ing) He + Was + Verb 1 (ing) It + Was + Verb 1 (ing)	I + Was + Not + Verb 1 (Ing) We + were + not + Verb 1 (ing) They + were + not + Verb 1 (ing) You + were + not + Verb 1 (ing) She + was + not + Verb 1 (ing) He + was + not + Verb 1 (ing) It + was + not + Verb 1 (ing)	Was + I + Verb 1 (ing) Were + we + Verb 1 (ing) Were + They + Verb 1 (ing) Were + You + Verb 1 (ing) Was + She + Verb 1 (ing) Was + He + Verb 1 (ing) Was + It + Verb 1 (ing)

Example:

1. ( + )   : I was reading book when father watched TV.

( - )   : I was not reading book when father watched TV.

( ? )   : Was I reading book when father watched TV?

           = Yes, I was

           = No, I was not

2. ( + )   :We were watching TV when they arrived.

( - )   : We were not watching TV when they arrived.

( ? )   : Were we watching TV when they arrived?

           = Yes, we were

           = No, we were not.

Signal time that usually used:

-   When

-   While

-   As

-   All day yesterday

-   The whole day last sunday

Simple Past Tense

To indicate that an action or activity that happened in the past and ended up at a certain moment in the past, and the time of occurrence is known.

Formula:

A  :     S + To be (was / were) + . . . . . . B  :     S + Verb 2 + . . . . . .

Pattern B:

Affirmative ( + )	Negative ( - )	Interrogative ( ? )
S + Verb 2	S + Did + Not + Verb 1	Did + S + Verb 1
I + Verb 2 We + Verb 2 They + Verb 2 You + Verb 2 She + Verb 2 He + Verb 2 It + Verb 2	I + Did + Not + Verb 1 You + Did + Not + Verb 1 They + Did + Not + Verb 1 You + Did + Not + Verb 1 She + Did + Not + Verb 1 He + Did + Not  + Verb 1 It + Did + Not + Verb 1	Did + I +Verb 1 Did + We + Verb 1 Did + They + Verb 1 Did + You + Verb 1 Did + She + Verb 1 Did + He + Verb 1 Did + It + Verb 1

Example:

1. ( + )   : The train was ten minute late.

    ( - )    : The train was not ten minute late.

    ( ? )    : Was the train ten minute late?

                = Yes. it was.

                = No, it was not

2. ( + )   : I bought a book two days ago.

    ( - )    : I did not buy a book two days ago.

    ( ? )    : Did I buy a book two days ago?

                = Yes, I did

                = No, I did not

Signal time that used in simple past tense:
-   Yesterday
-   Yesterday morning
-   Last Monday
-   An hour ago
-   Two days ago
-   The other day
-   Last night
-   Last year
-   A few minute ago, etc.

Simple Present Tense

Simple Present Tense is use to reveal a job, or the events that happened today, or acts that occur at this time, or repeated incidents or a daily habits.

Formula:

A: S + To Be (a,. is, are) + . . . . . B: S + Verb 1 + (s / es) + . . . . . .

Pattern B:

Affirmative (+)	Negative (-)	Interrogative (?)
S + Verb 1 + s / es	S + Do Not / Does Not Verb 1	Do / Does + S + Verb 1
I + Verb 1 We + Verb 1 They + Verb 1 You + Verb 1 She + Verb 1 + s / es He + Verb 1 + s / es It + Verb 1 + s / es	I + Do Not Verb 1 We + Do Not Verb 1 They + Do Not Verb 1 You + Do Not Verb 1 She + Do Not Verb 1 He + Do Not Verb 1 It + Do Not Verb 1	Do + I Verb 1 Do + We Verb 1 Do + They Verb 1 Do + You Verb 1 Does + She Verb 1 Does + He Verb 1 Does + It Verb 1

Example of Nominal sentence:

1. ( + )    : She is very happy.

    ( - )    :  She is not very happy

    ( ? )    :  Is she very happy?

                = Yes, she is

                = No, she isn't

2. ( + )    : You are student.

    ( - )     : You are not student.

    ( ? )     : Are you student?

                 = Yes, you are

                 = No, you aren't

Example of Verbal sentence:

1. ( + )     : He goes to school every morning.

    ( - )      : He doesn't go to school every morning.

    ( ? )      : Does he go to school every morning?

                  = Yes, he does

                  = No, he doesn't

2. ( + )      : They study English every week.

    ( - )       : They don't study English every week.

    ( ? )       : Do they study English every week?

                   = Yes, they do

                   = No, they don't

Recount Text 

Recount text is one of the type of English text retells events or experiences in the past. The purpose of the recount text is to inform or to entertain the reader. In  Recount text there are no complications such in narrative text. Recount text communicative purpose is to report events, incidents or events in order to preach or entertain.

Structure of Recount Text:

1. Orientation

    Orientation is to provide information about who, where and when it happened in the past.

2. Events

     An event happened, which is usually presented in chronological order. At the events there is also usually a

     personal comment about the events.

3. Reorientation

     In the reorientation, there are repetition of introduction, summarizing repetition sequence of events, event

     or activity.

Example:

  

     On Sunday morning at 08.30, I was walking down Malioboro Street, looking for a record store. A man stopped me and asked me the way A Hotel. I wasn't sure exactly where it was, but I walked with him to the end of Malioboro Street. He was very friendly, and his face looked so familiar. Then I remembered where the A Hotel was and told him how to get there. He thanked me and tried to give me something. I thought it was money. I said 'No' at first, but he really wanted me to have it, so I took It

     I found a record store and listened to a few records. The Junas Monkey had a new album that was very interesting. I decided to buy their new album. I looked in my bag for my wallet and found a piece of paper the man gave me. It was a photo. I was so surprised! He was a singer in 'The Junas Monkey'!

Procedure Text

Procedure text is used to give instructions on how to do things through actions or steps are sequential.

Example:

Here are the instructions that you must follow to make ice cream:

1. Setting up the cooling apparatus. Stir ice and salt in the larger container. Double-check that the small container will fit into the larger one even with the ice.
2. Combine the ingredients. Mix together the milk, sugar, and vanilla in the glass bowl. Then, set this bowl in the tub filled with ice and rock salt, making sure that the salt water does not spill into the bowl. Instead of a glass bowl and tub, you can also use a small coffee can inside a large coffee can.
3. Mix the ice cream. Mix the ingredients in the small container vigorously. The salty ice mixture will cool the mixture down until it turns into ice cream. Mix very thoroughly. If you're using a whisk instead of an electric mixer in your glass bowl, you'll have to stir very hard, or ice crystals will form in the ice cream. If you are using the coffee can method, make sure both cans are well sealed, and then roll and shake to mix the ice cream mixture. It should take about 10 to 15 minutes to stir the ice cream using either method. Stir until it is free from ice crystals and is the right consistency.
4. Storage and serving. If you don't eat the ice cream right away, be sure to store it in the freezer so that it doesn't melt.

Narrative Text

Narrative Text Communicative purpose is to entertain listeners or readers on a story related to the past experience of the real, imaginary or complicated events that led to a crisis, and ultimately find a solution.

Structure of Narrative Text consists of three parts:

1. Orientation

     In the Orientation section contains the introduction of the characters in the story along with the time and
     place it happened.

2. Complication

     In the Complication section contains an overview of the crisis or problem experienced by the characters 

     in the story to be solved.

3. Resolution

    On the Resolution contained about how the characters of the story to solve the existing problems in the 

    Complication. Usually there is more than one for a Complication Resolution.

Snow White

Orientation
Once upon a time there lived a little girl named Snow White. She lived with her Aunt and Uncle because her parents were dead.

Complication
One day she heard her Uncle and Aunt talking about leaving Snow White in the castle because they both wanted to go to America and they didn’t have enough money to take Snow White.
 
Snow White did not want her Uncle and Aunt to do this so she decided it would be best if she ran away. The next morning she ran away from home when her Aunt and Uncle were having breakfast. She ran away into the woods.

Resolution
Then she saw this little cottage. She knocked but no one answered so she went inside and fell asleep.
Meanwhile, the seven dwarfs were coming home from work. They went inside. There they found Snow White sleeping. Then Snow White woke up. She saw the dwarfs. The dwarfs said, “what is your name?” Snow White said, “My name is Snow White.”
 

Doc, one of the dwarfs, said, “If you wish, you may live here with us.” Snow White said, “Oh could I? Thank you.” Then Snow White told the dwarfs the whole story and finally Snow White and the 7 dwarfs lived happily ever after.

Greeting

1. (usually plural) an acknowledgment or expression of good will (especially on meeting) 

2. Expression of kindness or joy; salutation at meeting; a compliment from one absent. 

Everyday greetings:

1. Good morning

2. Good afternoon

3. Good Evening

4. Goodbye

5. Good night

Special Greetings:

1. Merry Christmas /Happy Christmas

2. Happy New Year

3. Happy Easter

4. Good luck

5. Congratulations!

6. Get well soon.

Example:

Clara: "Good morning Mario. How are you?"

Mario: "Good morning, Clara. I'm fine. How about you?"

Clara: "I'm fine too."

Mario: "That's good."

PERSONAL LETTER

A personal letter is a type of letter which provides communication between a small number of people, usually two. There are many types of personal letters and they are written for a wide variety of reasons:

• One person wishes to attain information from an individual or a business.
• One person wishes to tell somebody about themselves, as in pen pals.
• One person wishes to present to an individual or a business a social note, such as    a thank-you or a congratulation.
• One person wishes to communicate with an acquaintance - friend or family, for example in order to maintain and reinforce the bond between them

Surviving personal letters are often an important source of information about the lives of historical figures.

MESSAGE

Message is information which is sent from a source to a receiver. Some common definitions include:

1. Any thought or idea expressed in a language, prepared in a form suitable for transmission by any means of communication.
2. An arbitrary amount of information whose beginning and end are defined or implied.

In communication between humans, messages can be verbal or nonverbal:

•  A verbal message is an exchange of information using words. Examples include face-to-face communication, telephone calls, voicemails, etc.

• A nonverbal message is communicated through actions or behaviors rather than words. Examples include the use of body language and the actions made by an individual idea.

 ANNOUNCEMENT 

An announcement is a public statement which gives information about something that has happened or that will happen. Statement made formally and publicly to the press for mass distribution. Announcements can be made in response to something such as rumors, or can be made for positive reasons. Announcement can be spoken or written.